Inspector Goole

Inspector Goole in Priestley’s play An Inspector Calls’ is arguably the most important character. An agent of change and a voice and a voice of personal and social conscience he delivers the main message of the play in his parting speech challenging the Birlings, and the audience, to â€Å"Remember† that there are â€Å"millions and millions† of people like Eva Smith, all â€Å"linked† in some way. Clearly at this stage his examination of the Birlings behaviour and the investigation of the suicide of Eva Smith proves he is the voice of morality.Goole states â€Å"we don’t live alone† and are â€Å"responsible for each other†. This message is in direct contrast to the one delivered by Arthur Birling at the start of the play where he claims a man has to â€Å"look after himself and his own† I believe it is no coincidence that Inspector Goole joins the play at this point and sets the tone for the conflict the two are going t o have throughout the entirety of the play.The way that Inspector Goole conducts his â€Å"investigation† of sorts not only exposes Eva Smiths tragic â€Å"chain of Events† which leads to her eventual suicide but also enables the audience to understand each individual characters role in Eva’s death for Sheila getting her fired from her last steady job and Arthur Birling caring to much about â€Å"lower costs and higher prices† than his workers welfare.Goole is very clear when informing the Birlings and Gerald Croft of the way he like to â€Å"go to Work†! He states he will use â€Å"one line of inquiry† at a time. He feels to do otherwise would result in a â€Å"muddle†. Certainly his way of investigation highlights his polar opposite opinion to Arthur Birling whereas he believes in a â€Å"butterfly effect† where each character has individually contributed to the downward spiral of Eva Smith’s life. Goole exposes the gu ilt of each character.The Birlings seem, at the beginning of the play to be a respectable â€Å"up market† family even Gerald Croft comments that they appear a â€Å"nice well behaved† family, but Goole shows this too all be a fake disguise when he reveals through his research methods that they are actually a family which thinks they are â€Å"socially† superior and one that is totally centred around power this statement is proved when Arthur Birling says â€Å" ex Lord Mayor† and â€Å" I was on the bench† and this so fought over power is abused many times in the book by the haracters for example when Gerald Croft uses his monetary advantage to abuse Eva for sex and when Sheila uses her father’s name to get Eva fired from her job at Millwoods. The Inspector quickly creates a conflict between the age generations with the elders staying â€Å"stuck in their ways† and not taking any kind of responsibility for their role in Eva Smithâ₠¬â„¢s death, whereas the younger generation know they have to â€Å"share the guilt† respectively as they are all to blame for Eva’s death.When Priestly wrote this play I believe he invented the character Inspector Goole to spread his message of â€Å"responsibility† through his dialogue this point is proved on many occasions when the inspector speaks to the Birlings about how they must â€Å"take responsibility† for their actions† and â€Å"share the guilt†. He also has a massive speech just before he leaves the Birlings house to round off everything he has tried to get them to learn. Which even though they later find out he was not actually an Inspector teaches the younger generation at lesson about â€Å"responsibility† and the effect their actions had on others.

Are Our Lives Governed by Fate or Free Will Essay

Our lives are governed by free will. In the books Chinese Cinderella and Twisted the main characters use their free will to make choices that have consequences on their lives. Chinese Cinderella, by Adeline Yen Mah Chinese Cinderella is a story of a Chinese girl growing up Shanghai and Hong Kong in the 1940’s. Adeline was made to feel that her birth was the reason her mother died. Her siblings blamed her and her father and stepmother had no interest in her. She spent most her childhood at boarding schools. Although Adeline was sent to boarding school she still used her own free will to chose to study hard and excel in school. Adeline chose to continue to do well in school with the hope of gaining her parent’s attention. Despite all of the bad things that happened to Adeline she continued to strive to be the best in school. She chose to spend her time reading and doing homework. She received many awards. She used her free will to enter an international playwriting contest and she won. The result was that her name was published in the newspaper and this got her father’s attention. Adeline used this as an opportunity to ask to go to college. Her father agreed. Although her father selected her career as a doctor she was so happy to have the opportunity. Twisted, by Laurie Halse Anderson Tyler used his free will to spray paint on the school property. There were consequences for his actions. He had to do community service to pay for the damage, he got a probation officer and got his license taken away. Tyler spent alot of time being the victim. His father blamed him for most of the bad things that happened. He let things happen to him until one day he realized he could take control of his life. Tyler used his free will when he dropped out of the AP classes, started attending all of his classes, returned the stolen keys to the custodian and apologized for stealing them, stood up to Chip, spoke with his probation officer about the consequences of attending the party when he was on probation and stood up to father when he blamed Tyler for getting fired. The result of Tyler’s action to take control of these aspects of his life is it provides him with self-esteem. This new confidence gets rid of the bad thoughts he had (like killing himself). Tyler chose to spend his time playing a video game Tophet. The point of the game was to make his demon (Gormley) powerful enough to make it thru 66 levels of torment. In the end he succeeds and is given a choice to become the new lord of darkness or be reincarnated. He realizes the importance of choosing wisely.

Islamic Auditing and Conventional Banking

Auditing is an examination and verification of a company's financial and accounting records and supporting documents by a professional, such as a Certified Public Accountant. According to AlBaraka, Islamic bank is an institution that mobilizes financial resources and invests that money in an attempt to achieve pre-determined islamically – acceptable social and financial objectives. Both mobilization and investment of money should be conducted in accordance with the principles of Islamic Sha’riah whereas according to Ustaz Hj Zaharuddin (2007) stated that conventional bank operates based on debtor-creditor relationships.For example, it is between depositors (creditor) and bank (debtor); and borrowers (debtor) and the bank (creditor). Conventional bank maximize profit by charging interest to customers. On the other hand, Basu (2006) defines Audit report as â€Å"†¦ the document to which auditor convey his opinion about the fairness of the financial statements† . The audit report is one of the vital parts of communication used by auditors. The nature of the report must be clear and concise enough to be disclosed and communicated as its represents the auditor’s credibility as well as the degree of responsibility being undertake.Often the role of conventional auditor is to come up with a report examining the credibility of the financial statements and whether the financial statements are prepared in accordance with an applicable and relevant auditing standard. However, when referring to the auditor’s report of Islamic Bank or the Sha’riah supervisory report of an Islamic Bank, the scope of auditor’s report will be extended. This is because auditors for Islamic banks must also attest the compliance of the bank practice to that

Anatomical features Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anatomical features - Essay Example Radiometric analysis gives ‘Ardi’’s age as 4.4 million years, making her the oldest known hominid species to date. Ardi’s skeleton suggests a unique versatility and provides evidence of both biped and quadruped locomotion. The study of Ardi’s feet shows the markedly splayed big toe which facilitates the grasping of tree limbs, marking her as a quadruped in the trees. However, the presence of a small bone inside a foot tendon, which is absent in both chimps and gorillas, increases the rigidity of the big toe. This feature, in combination with other toe modification, promotes biped locomotion on the ground. Similarly, the pelvis shows both the large flaring upper bones which facilitate steady bipedality, and the lower pelvis which accommodates the huge hind limb muscles used in climbing like an ape. Again, unlike the strictly rigid wrist bones of chimps and gorillas, which are geared towards hanging from trees and knuckle-walking on the ground, Ardiâ⠂¬â„¢s highly flexible wrists and finger joints indicate that Ardi walked on her palms on tree limbs – like primitive apes. (Shreeve. October 1, 2009. National Geographic News). The most famous fossil remains of Australopithecus afarensis are the skeleton, "Lucy" found at Hadar, Ethopia, in 1974, the infant found at Dikika, Ethiopia, in 2006, and the 3.7 million years old footprints found in volcanic ash plus fossil bones found at Laetoli, Tanzania in 1978. The anatomical features in all these cases suggest that Australopithecus afarensis was capable of both bipedal and quadruped locomotion. Lucy’s long arm bones, and the ridge formed by the tendons attached to the humerus, indicate the strong chest and upper arm muscles required for tree climbing. However, her short, broad pelvis supported her upright body and her angled-in thigh bones maintained her weight directly above her knees – both optimum features for walking. Likewise, while Lucy’s compact,

Review of 'State Crime' Literature Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Of 'State Crime' - Literature review Example hat dealing with state crime is inevitable, since there is no state that enjoys immunity from the breaching of human rights and liberties as a way of attaining its goals. Green and Ward (2005, 161) contend that state crime is instrumentally propounded by prevailing structural conditions. To this effect, corruption is factored into this debate as being furthered by two explanatory concepts of patrimonialism and clientelism. Clientelism is seen as referring to an exchange system whereby public officials and patrons accord political favours to their constituents or clients. As such, state-corporate crime, police crime and state-organised crime are the kind of aberrations that may follow clientelism. Green and Ward (2005, 161) also advance the notion that in countries where the government practices clientelism, state violence may surface, but those who are governed readily consent to the system, and thereby making this form of deviance less objectionable. Green and Ward (2005, 161) argue that patrimonialism readily invites the violent forms of state corruption because there are societies that profit through corruption and have thus made corruption their goals. In the instance when the interests of the ruler and the nation become inflated the door is left ajar for all manner and levels of corruption, with war crimes, state terror, torture and genocide being included. Green and Ward (2005, 162) maintain that a state’s predisposition to the use of patrimonialism, corruption or clientelism is underpinned by political and economic factors. Particularly, democratically mature capitalist states may have a predisposition to clientelism, but the heavy presence of civic organisations inhibits the patrimonialism from becoming full-fledged. In another wavelength, these two scholars postulate that proto-states and colonies or former colonies are the worst of predatory states, as far the breaching of human rights and civil liberties is concerned. According to Green and Ward,

A Brief Biography of Mark Twain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Brief Biography of Mark Twain - Essay Example From this research, it is clear that despite his apparent success, Mark Twain sought higher standing and increased wealth, especially as it concerned the eastern states. After a brief correspondence and engagement, Twain married Olivia Langdon of New York in 1870. He lived with Olivia in Buffalo from 1869 to 1871, during which time tragedy once again struck Twain, as their first born son Langdon died of diphtheria at two years of age. They would go on to have three daughters, two of which who would also die under tragic circumstances at a relatively young age (before 30). In 1976 Twain published the masterful The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, demonstrating that he had not lost touch with his Missouri roots despite his risen status and wealth. Between this time and the time he published Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), Twain appeared his high-browed associated with tales such as The Prince and the Pauper in 1881. Sadly, the last fifteen to twenty years of Twain’s life were extremely troubled. He faced financial ruin from bad investments and a failed publication house (Kirk 29) and suffered from depression from the time of his daughter Susy’s death of meningitis in 1896 until his death in 1910. Twain’s death occurred 6 years after the passing of his wife Olivia while he was lecturing abroad (Cox 10). At the time of his passing Twain was considered a national treasure and he would go on to be credited by throngs of professionals as the father of American literature.

Financial Analysis As The Stability Of The Business Essay

Financial Analysis As The Stability Of The Business - Essay Example One of the primary roles played by budgeting is that it helps in maintaining adequate control over the expenditures incurred by the firm. Budgets suitable provide a plan for the organization in respect of future expenses. Budgets help to set standards of performance. The actual performance of a firm can be measured against the budgeted performance. This helps the organization to easily realize its deviation from the set goals and accordingly take steps for correcting the same. Budgeting is done on the basis of forecasting future transactions. This helps an organization to forecast future scenario and anticipate events that may affect the firm's operations. In most organizations, budgets play an important role in decision-making and planning for the coming financial period. On the basis of the forecasted budgets, management is required to decide upon strategies relating to achieving the set targets, reducing costs and maximizing profits. In Section A, ratio analysis of Nene PLC presen ted that the company was a sound and profit-making concern that had to focus more on improving its operational efficiency in order to gain higher profits. In Section B, Project Meeney was ascertained to be the most viable project because it provided Millennium PLC with highest NPV and with the lowest Payback Period. Section C found that the global financial crisis was caused by a mix of financial and governmental failures. The discussion on budgeting presented clear views about the advantages and disadvantages of having budgets in companies.

Enterprise Resource Planning (EPR) application assignment

Enterprise Resource Planning (EPR) application - Assignment Example The fascinating feature of an ERP system is that it will support a variety of hardware and network configurations by employing a database for effectively accessing information. This paper will analyze what an ERP system does and how such a system can help an organization to become more profitable. Since an ERP system can have a great influence on automating every business process, it can be effectively applied to accomplish a variety of business tasks. According to Adolphs and Schubert (2008), ERP system works on the basis of ‘input-process-output’ rules and, hence, it can also be used as management information system. Since information has become an ingredient part of management operations, ERP systems specifically focus on the information needs of different organizational sectors. The ERP software system provides timely, accurate, and most relevant information to different departments of the organization, using a single software system. This system keeps information updated so as to assist managements to effectively deal with decision making. Rothlin (2010) says that the filtering facility of an ERP system timely provides the organization with answers for various queries (p.204). Modern ERP systems are capable of providing improved facilities for the company to manage its export, import, and tax activities and to fulfill other legal requirements. ERP software supports computer aided designs; therefore, it is assistable for the company to demonstrate products designs on real time according to customer requirements. This system also facilitates all financial services and it complies with international accounting standards. Moreover, an ERP system has the ability to effectively meet the needs of government, healthcare, retail, and other service sectors. Sales forecasting is another attractive feature of ERP software applications since this process assists firms to optimize their inventory levels. According

Application of Pricing Strategies in Marketing Activities Assignment

Application of Pricing Strategies in Marketing Activities - Assignment Example In the second situation, a new company is manufacturing a dishwater detergent similar with other competitor’s detergent.   Mainly, for such a company, their objective would be to make sales in a highly competitive environment. Due to the increased cost of manufacturing the detergent, the company also intends to generate enough money to recover this cost as fast as possible. With such a case scenario, marketers may decide to use full cost pricing. With this strategy, the company intends to recover all cost of production, both valuable and fixed cost. Marketers only determine cost of goods and services after calculation of all the cost, hence may not mind so much on the generated profits. Another strategy relevant for this case would be penetration pricing strategy.   With strategy the company reduces prices for their products with the intention to penetrate a competitive market, where companies may be selling similar products for the same markets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the third case scenario, determining how much to sell for a new product in area where competitors are likely to sell the same product requires proper decisions by marketers. In this case, as new business in a competitive environment, the company must firstly be in a position to get valuable market share.   In order to have this company make sales for the new iPhones, marketers may decide to use promotional pricing. In this strategy, companies set prices lower than the normal price list temporarily in order to attract new customers.

Jupiter confectionary ltd - quantitative research design Essay

Jupiter confectionary ltd - quantitative research design - Essay Example Results can also be validated for reliability by implementing both a mixed research design methodology. Table of Contents About the Company Purpose of study Objectives of study Need for a research design Types of research design Advantages of the proposed research design Disadvantages of the proposed research design Alternative research design Conclusions References JUPITER CONFECTIONARY LTD - QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN About the company Jupiter Confectionary Ltd makes a variety of chocolate bars and has recently introduced a healthier range of cereal-based breakfast/snack bars. Purpose of study Jupiter now wants to evaluate customer satisfaction with the new product line. The brand manager has suggested running an online survey, printing the web address on the packaging and offering a prize draw as an incentive for people to participate. Objectives of study 1) To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed research design, and 2) To propose other approaches that might be more appropriate. Need for a Research Design Rose and Sullivan (1996) observed that there exist patterns in the universe, certain specific patterns for all kinds of activities that can be noted on careful observation. These specific patterns in the universe and the behaviour in time can be explained and predicted to a certain extent to a certain accuracy based on the information or data collected at that particular time. However, there is a large amount of data available for a particular activity, that is often confusing, and the researcher needs to select that particular data that is most relevant to the activity in time. Understanding the behaviour of the data collected helps explain complex concepts or theories through developing hypotheses about the relationships that may exist between the data collected. Further, the hypothesis can be validated for correctness and patterns of behaviour collated to explain the theories (Mamia, 2012). While conducting a research design, sever al aspects of the research are to be considered since the object of research is always dynamic and so the data collected is also changing in time. Further, there are two basic kinds of research design methodologies, descriptive and explanatory. While descriptive research attempts to research what activities happen or exist in the social sphere, explanatory research helps explain why the activities happen or exist. A typical research should include both descriptive and explanatory research as usually, good explanatory research is always built on descriptive research. A research in itself needs to be planned sufficiently to achieve the desired results (Mamia, 2012). Typical research design involves identifying project methodologies, planning the processes and identifying strategies while moulding the research objectives through the methodology and context (Richards, 2006). Types of Research Design Research design can be theoretical or empirical, qualitative or quantitative or a combin ation of theoretical and empirical, qualitative and quantitative. Research can be aimed at comparison or classification of the available facts through theoretical or empirical frameworks. However, most common method of research design is to use both theoretical and e

Obesity Debate Essay Example for Free

Obesity Debate Essay In the five section article, â€Å"Rethinking Weight† by Amanda Spake, the author outlines the conflict surrounding whether obesity classifies as a disease. Spake discusses the prevalence of obesity in America and sheds light on the idea that obesity may contain genetic roots. The article continues with the author’s insights into whether weight or fitness retains the most importance. Spake concludes the article with thoughts on the growing concern of insurance coverage and obesity treatment. The author claims that â€Å"At the heart of this obesity epidemic is a debate over whether obesity is a biological ‘disease’ and should be treated like any other life-threatening illness – cancer, heart disease – or whether it is simply a risk factor for these killers† (282). Spake successfully supports the claim by incorporating a narrative account, explaining the biology, psychology, and scientific research of obesity, and stating how society may already classify obesity as a disease, but Spake strays from the idea of obesity qualifying as a disease when she describes the role insurance companies play when paying for obesity treatment. The article begins with a narrative account of Maria Pfisterer. Spake uses Maria Pfisterer’s story to reveal the struggles obesity and dieting inflict upon a person. According to the author, Pfisterer’s many attempted diets, in terms of weight â€Å"All resulted in a little lost and more regained,† which supports the idea of weight and dieting inflicting a constant burden in the lives of many Americans (282). Spake also included in the story of Pfisterer’s weight battle the idea that no matter how hard Pfisterer tried to lose weight or what method Pfisterer thought to try, the weight never permanently disappeared, which in turn supports the concept of obesity being more than just a physical ailment. The author also discusses the possible treatment of gastric bypass surgery for Pfisterer, which remains unavailable to Pfisterer due to the high cost and specific criteria an individual must possess in order to receive the surgery. The narrative story provides an appeal to emotions by showing one woman’s struggle with weight and the effect that struggle embodies in Pfisterer’s life. The story also provides a persuasive element, influencing a want for Pfisterer to achieve her personal weight goals. The author pinpoints a person’s biology and psychological state as possible factors in the development of obesity. Xavier Pi-Sunyer from the Obesity Research Center at St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital suggests â€Å"†¦obesity is a biologically determined process† (282). Many weight researchers also believe that â€Å"obesity is controlled by a powerful biological system of hormones, proteins, neurotransmitters, and genes that regulate fat storage and body weight and tell the brain when, what, and how much to eat† (284). Rudolph Leibel, a Columbia University geneticist, also states, â€Å"I believe there are strong genetic factors that determine susceptibility to obesity† (285). The given beliefs demonstrate how obesity qualifies as more than a personal decision. A person’s biology resists changes; therefore, the idea of obesity as a biological condition contains validity for Spake’s claim. The author also includes Brian Wansink’s perspective, â€Å"obesity is not just biology; it’s psychology† (286). The brain plays a key role in how obesity operates differently in individuals. The author continues to explain how, psychologically, obese individuals hold no control over the eating habits the overweight display. Spake’s inclusion of biological and psychological ideas presented by reliable professionals persuades critical audiences to agree with the author’s claim. Scientific research also plays a part in the obesity debate. Spake uses a variety of logos and ethos information to support the claim of the ongoing debate over the classification of obesity. The article incorporates the use of statistics from various studies on weight and obesity to solidify the author’s beliefs. The author gives a shocking statistic that â€Å"A majority of Americans—now 64   percent—are overweight or obese and struggling to conquer their expanding waistlines before their fat overtakes their health†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (282). A study done of twins showed that 20 to 70 percent of weight issues developed through inheritance. Another study conducted by RTI International and the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions stated, â€Å"the nation is spending about $75 billion a year on weight-related disease† (283). Spake even includes the statistic saying that, â€Å"Simply eating with one other person increases the average amount eaten at meals by 44 percent,† which refers to the psychological aspect of obesity (286). The author’s use of statistical information provides a strong backing for Spake’s claim about the obesity debate. Although not officially categorized as a disease, some organizations in society already list obesity as a disease. Spake chooses to include examples of situations in society where obesity may already encompass similar characteristics to a disease. The diseases that result from excessive amounts of weight embody a prominent situation described by the author. â€Å"Almost 80 percent of obese adults have one of these conditions, and nearly 40 percent have two or more,† Spake suggests when referring to diseases, such as heart disease, Type II diabetes, and high cholesterol that relate to the presence of obesity. Another example the author mentions confirms that, â€Å"The WHO has listed obesity as a disease in its International Classification of Disease since 1979.† Spake raises concern as to why obesity still remains uncategorized as an official disease when large quantities of overweight individuals contract other diseases due to the affliction of obesity and when a substantial organization already includes obesity in a database of diseases. Another statistic included in the discussion reads â€Å"About 325,000 deaths a year are attributed to obesity† (283). This shocking statistic sparks the question of why obesity lacks the definition of a disease even further. However, the author strays from her claim when insurance problems come into the article. Bringing the topic of insurance into the discussion provides no backing for any of the author’s claim. Spake chose to incorporate that â€Å"The health insurance industry argues that obesity treatments  can’t be covered†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (287). The claim refers to whether obesity classifies as a disease, not the effect of insurance coverage on those affected by obesity. Also, the author included that â€Å"the cost†¦of treatment and health insurance will escalate† (288). The price tag of treatment and rising insurance costs gives no support to the debate of obesity classifying as a disease that Spake claims as the purpose of the article. The inclusion of the insurance debacle distracts from the key issues the article puts forth, leaving readers to question the main idea of the article. In summation, Spake successfully supports the claim by incorporating a narrative account, explaining the biology, psychology, and scientific research of obesity, and stating how society may already classify obesity as a disease, but Spake strays from the claim when she describes the role of insurance companies in paying for obesity treatment. Works Cited Spake, Amanda. â€Å"Rethinking Weight.† Writing and Reading for ACP Composition. Comp. Thomas E. Leahey and Christine R. Farris. New York: Pearson Custom Publishing, 2009. 285-88. Print.

Fossil Fuels and Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Fossil Fuels and Global Warming Essay The use of fossil fuels as the primary source of energy has unwittingly landed humanity into its greatest challenge yet. As oil and coal are burnt up, the greenhouse gases are causing the melting of polar ice, leading to a chain reaction that threatens every other aspect of the ecosystem. This paper looks at the crisis that fossil fuels have brought about, as well exploring existent and proposed solutions, both at the collective and the individual level. Introduction Global warming technically refers to the overall rise in global temperatures. Its widespread use however also encompasses the courses of this rise in temperatures and the effects thereof. More importantly, it is synonymous with the role of human beings’ activity in contributing to these rises. Carbon emissions from planes, cars and industrial plants rise up into the atmosphere and create a blanket of heavy air that traps heat that radiates onto the earth’s surface. By not letting heat escape, over time the globe becomes warmer. This has a direct effect on the flow of ocean currents, directly responsible for weather patterns. It also causes the melting of polar ice, which besides also affecting climate, also causes the sea levels to rise. (Guggenheim D Gore Albert, 2006). Effects of Global Warming Some critics are skeptical of the whole notion of global warming. Despite this criticism, it has grabbed the attention of masses, and they are increasingly examining its effects. The following is a brief insight; Agriculture is fundamental to life, as it is the source of food. Without food, human beings are at risk of extinction, and conflicts are bound to arise. Yet global warming is threatening agriculture. Due to climate change, the environments where bees and other creatures vital to pollination are used to dwelling in are no longer suitable, and the bees are disappearing in droves. More than that, rainfall and sunshine patterns are changing, rendering farmlands unsuitable for the crops that are used to growing there normally. The combined effect is that agricultural yields are negatively affected, and there arises a shortage in overall supply of food worldwide. In early 2008, with the human race hungrier, food prices rose to their highest levels ever, and inflation in many countries became unprecedented. This trend came to a head at the beginning of 2008, with riots and revolts in numerous countries. In the Philippines, soldiers were deployed to guard food crop farms from being raided. Haitians on their part overthrew their government in protest over untenable food costs. It is also here that people were reduced to eating mud, if only to fill up their stomachs. Similar scenarios were reported in Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and a good number of Asian emerging economies. Global warming is not the only factor in bringing about food shortage, but it does play a major role, and has come to the attention of masses around the globe that are willing to act to mitigate the negative effects (Auken, 2008). Another set of negative effect that has been tied to global warming are the now prevalent natural disasters pounding various parts of the world. Hurricanes that have brought devastation to New Orleans, Mexico and more recently Jamaica over the past few seasons have been the worst in recorded history. They have been attributed to rises in sea level resulting from glacial melts owing to global warming. They have brought unprecedented destruction, forcing many coastal cities to adopt new strategies to combat such events. Billions of dollars are now being invested in disaster prevention, and are resulting in an increase in taxation. Similar amounts are being invested in reconstruction efforts to restore damaged infrastructure. Housing models are being radically changed, with cheaper housing being favored to cut losses in case of any eventualities. Prevalent Solutions Such tools as carbon footprints and green qualifications are now being employed to influence the conduct of the common person to contribute toward reducing their personal negative impact on the globe; consumers in Europe and America are increasingly becoming conscious to purchase food with minimal carbon footprints for example. Carbon footprints refer to the amount of carbon dioxide emitted during the process of developing a product from scratch to the point where it gets to the consumer. In effect, products which use plenty of machinery to produce and have to be transported by heavily fuel reliant means such as planes and trucks have much higher carbon footprints than those that are produced using minimal fossil energy and are close to the market. Labels indicating the carbon footprint are put on products by organizations who take the initiative, in a bid to persuade consumers to buy the least destructive products. And the method seems to be working. In Europe especially, consumers are increasingly cutting on their contributions environmental degradation and products with high carbon footprints and finding increasingly limited market. Closely related is the issue of organic foods. These are gaining preference for the reason that they are produced using only natural material, rather than chemicals that are hazardous to human beings and detrimental to the environment. The level to which a product is free of chemical toxicity is referred to as its organic rating, just like carbon footprints are used to depict the level of carbon emissions of a product. Publications and other forms of media are used by proactive organizations to sensitize the public on which products are environmentally friendly, and these do have a major influence on consumer choices. The result is that farmers serving the European markets are using increasingly less machinery and chemicals, thereby reducing the emissions and chemical pollution of the agricultural industry to the environment. Manufacturers also have to adapt to a new way of production- with their carbon footprints being closely monitored, they are increasingly adjusting their production processes to get favorable ratings (Organic Trade Association, 2008). My Solution Proposal In the fight against global warming, I believe efforts should now be geared toward experiments on entirely new lifestyles and forms of organization, with successful experiments being replicated across the globe. In my case, I propose an experiment with a new eco city, preferably in an arid area, at a waterfront (e. g. a lake) for sustainability of life. This will kill quite a few birds with one stone, as the problems of food insecurity, unsustainable energy and wasted land would all be addressed. Implementation In designing such an urban development, cutting edge technology and radical thinking are required at every step of the way. Ecological urban planning concepts are necessary to take advantage of the lake breeze, which can be harnessed for wind energy to cater for a significant part of the new city’s energy requirements. The city plan should also allow for the breeze to penetrate the streets and residential areas rather than block it. When this is done, ecological architecture can be employed in designing self-cooling buildings, which have the advantage of not only saving on air conditioning. This is desirable because it both saves on energy and preserves the environment, seeing as most air conditioners are environmentally harmful. The urban plan also needs to take care of existing ecosystems – if there are any streams, trees or wildlife habitations, the city and building designs should be made around them. Buildings will need to be fitted with solar panels to take advantage of the abundant sun in arid lands, thus further adding to the energy supply provided by wind. Wherever possible, buildings should have green roofing. This is where gardens are made on top of roofs for purposes of food, beautification and more. This will have a number of advantages; food will be more abundant, a cool microclimate will be created (further reducing the need for air conditioning), and the carbon footprint will be drastically reduced or eliminated. The buildings can also be constructed with double walls using recycled material (for sustainability). Double walls have the effect of keeping temperatures low when it’s hot outside and warm when it’s cold outside. Stretches of idle land just outside the city can be used to plant ecologically friendly biofuel crops such as Jatropha Carcus, which is drought-resistant, to complete whatever energy requirements that may remain. Being at the lakefront, clean water for most chores might prove a challenge to get, thus the need to preserve and recycle whatever water can be harnessed. One of the ways to do this is by use of a Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP), which filters sewerage to produce water for irrigation and gas for cooking. This way, other clean sources of water can be less burdened. Energy needs will also be met. Gardens and parks should be organic to reduce the amount of fertilizer and chemical pesticides necessary to maintain them. Sustaining the Gains All the outlined gains of an eco-city would be to naught if the residents do not sustain them. Residents should be encouraged to carpool when going to work, or better still to cycle to work to minimize the carbon footprint. As much as possible, recycled material should be used and other material should be recycled. The use of plastic bags should be banned, instead encouraging the use of bio-degradable baskets. For lighting, energy-saving fluorescent bulbs and tubes should be used. Each home should have a garden in its compound, with at least a tree or two. The gardens, for domestic food consumption, should be grown organically. The beach area should be kept clean, with no littering or dumping of chemicals or effluent into the lake. This will help preserve marine life and overall aesthetic beauty. If such a city can be constructed, myriad gains will have been made; Positive Environmental Impact The immediate impact of all the new vegetation – the green roofs, home gardens, biofuel crops, etc – would be the creation of a cool microclimate in the developed area. Being in front of a lake, the arid land as it currently is cannot benefit because all the moisture being brought in by the breeze either evaporates or travels long distances inland, benefiting other areas with vegetation. With the new vegetation however, the moisture would be trapped, and as the plants perspire, vapor would rise into the local sky, thereby creating rain at that local level. The overall reduced heat levels would also slow down evaporation rates, ensuring that the soil remains moist, helped also by the increased rain. Naturally, more rain is bound to increase vegetation cover, further enhancing the value of the land and creating a positive cycle. Positive Impact on Soil As the vegetation grows and dies, the soil would be enriched organically as the foliage decomposes, increasing its productivity. This happens when the decomposed foliage turns into humus, and mixes with the local sand. This has the effect of bonding the soil together while creating an acceptable level of drainage and porosity within it. If the soil is further enriched with the waste products of the STP process, the overall composition of the soil will become highly favorable to agriculture. It would also be conducive for worms and other soil organisms to grow, which in turn further enrich the soil with vital nutrients. Positive Economic Impact Another area of profound impact will be economic; from the time of construction right through to the establishment of offices and residences, employment opportunities will abound for both locals and immigrants. The eco-friendliness of the area will also attract investment a lot of which these days is conscientious – thus spurring growth. Being at the lakefront, the city is also highly likely to attract considerable international tourism as tourists seek clean and new areas to escape from winter or simply to unwind. At the same time, the marine fishing industry is bound to experience a boost from the clean fishing areas, with ready market locally provided by residents within the new city. They may even be able to export, depending on other factors. At the domestic level, people will be able to grow food and reduce their household budget. They may even be able to sell some of it and generate income – the city can be a net exporter of food. Conclusion Global warming has blessed the world with a lot to ponder upon. With effects ranging from food shortage to natural catastrophes, mitigation should not be a question of whether, but how and when. Coupled with this is the need for newer energy sources, to reduce the globe’s dependency on fossil fuels. With concerted efforts and due diligence, the problems that these two factors portend can be contained to an extent. I propose an experiment with an eco city built on a waterfront as a means of studying how human beings can adopt a top down approach to addressing these pressing issues. I believe the gains to be made will not just be environmental but economic as well. Works Cited Associated press, June 20th 2007, Fossil fuels Tycoon plans largest wind farm- green machines- MSNBC. com, Retrieved 12th Feb 2009. , http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/19231397 Auken, B. V, 15th April 2008, Amid mounting food crisis, governments fear revolution of the hungry, Retrieved 11th Sep, 2008, http://www. wsws. org/articles/2008/apr2008/food-a15. shtml The British Council (no date). Effects of Global Warming: Social Impact-Climate Change. Retrieved 12th Feb 2009. http://www. britishcouncil. org/climatechange-fact-sheets-global-warming-social-impact. htm Green Africa Foundation, 2008, Retrieved 12th Feb 2009, http://greenafricafoundation. org Guggenheim D, Gore Albert, 2006. An Inconvenient Truth (Film) Organic Trade Association (2008). NOSB Definition of Organic. Retrieved 12th Feb 2009. http://www. ota. com/standards/nosb/definition. html United States Environmental Protection Agency, Heat Island Effect. Retrieved 12th Feb 2009. http://www. epa. gov/heatisland/

Importance of CSR for companies in Mauritius

Importance of CSR for companies in Mauritius CSR has been subject to much analysis for different types of businesses who were controlled and managed by futurist and modern managers who were here to provide a new dimension in the business era. It is a concept where managers or leaders of certain firms decide to contribute voluntarily for a better social environment. Companies provide us with these because they have they need to contribute back for the land that they use. The other reason is that it is purely voluntary, and they provide us with such services without expecting anything in return. May researches have come with various definitions of CSR, but however, they all posses the following characteristics in common: Business commitment to try to add value and a better way of living for the whole society. Making society benefit from it Protecting nature and our environment Vyarkarnam also found out during his study that CSR dealt with these following areas: environmental problems, charities and donation, Investment in activities. Corporate Social Responsibility is a process that companies apply to bring benefits to the society. The latter has legal, commercial, ethical and public expectations from business activity. CSR is implemented in a way such that it meets the needs and in some instances, exceeds the expectations. The equivalent testimony gave some evidence of the diverse School of thoughts which interpret CSR differently worldwide. Definition of CSR from Ghana is CSR is about capacity building for sustainable livelihoods. It respects cultural differences and finds the business opportunities in building the skills of employees, the community and the government,  however Philippians CSR is about business giving back to society.   Theoretical Rationale behind Corporate Social Responsibility 2.1 The Social Contract Theory The Social Contract Theory hypothesizes that the cornerstone of morality are uniform social accords that best serve the interests of those who make the agreements. (A.K.H. Khor) This means that if the social contract between the business and the community is breached, there will be conflict leading to a revocation of the contract and the firm then risks sanctions imposed by the individuals of the society. For example demand may be reduced, legal restrictions may be imposed, and also denial of human and financial resources. 2.2 The Legitimacy Theory It is said that the Legitimacy Theory and the Social Contract Theory are inter connected. To be viewed as being socially responsible, investors do not hesitate to pay a premium for corporate behaviour (Pava and Krauze, 1996; Toms, 2000). This is so because it ensures the continual inflow of capital, labour and customers needed for viability. This proves the importance of CSR The confidence of corporate stakeholders suffered a serious blow, undermining their faith in the accounting profession, following the revelation of the corporate scandals at WorldCom and Enron. Thus a call has been made for more transparent reporting and the Legitimacy theory arose and implied the above social contract. 2.3 The political Economy Theory This theory is quite a recent one, and it gives us a good approach on how to explain CSR. That is, this theory states that economics and politics cannot be separated. The mission and long term objective of the firm should coincide with that of the government. Hence, it is obvious that firms engage in CSR by taking into consideration its employees, the society and other stakeholders affected by its activities. Thus, this approach gives us a good idea as to why firms engage in these activities. 2.4 The stakeholder theory According to Milton Friedman, the main objective of an organisation in the past was profit making and maximization. That is, firms were established only in the view of making profit, ignoring the harmful effect that they might be doing to the society at large. At these times, there were no firms engaging in CSR activities. The stakeholder theory is a theory of organizational management that tries to address different topics in business, such as, morals and values in management. This theory was originally put forward by Edward Freeman. According to him, a business does not only involve the owner, management and workers of the company. It involves the society at large, that is, the government, political groups, communities and even competitors. Freeman stated that when doing business, it was immoral just to reward the workers and owners of the business. Instead, it should be rewarding the whole society at large, and hence, coming forward with CSR activities. The stakeholder Theory attempts to justify the provision of social information in an attempt to gain stakeholder support and thus minimize the costs of dealing with complaints and actions that might otherwise affect them. (Davis, 2003) We can categorize the stakeholders of the companys: Shareholders; Employees; Suppliers; Customers; Government; Trade unions; Business associates; local community and Even competitors. Ullmann (1985) suggested a model based on the stakeholder theory according to which, if stakeholders control the essential resources it is ultimate for business to responds positively to the demands of the former. As an empirical accountability, the organisations identify its stakeholders. This is supported by by referring to the extent of which the organisation believes in the interplay with each group needs to be managed in order to further the interest of the organisation, the more important the stakeholder to the organisation, the more effort will be extended in managing the relationship. The impact of CSR on the decision making of stakeholders of a business. Shareholders. RARE researches brought, a company indulge in Corporate social Responsibility efforts can strengthen the voice of shareholders in sustainability matters. On a better information basis, they can assess their companys sustainability performance and assert their rights to promote more corporate responsibility (Shareholder activisms). Shareholders look for confidence and hope in a company. Therefore guided by their ethical principles, many investors choose firms taking into consideration the social and environment issues. In the study of Epstein and freedman, investors reduce the uncertainty about the value of their investment through reducing their environmental risks and the firms product safety and quality among others. Employees The literature of management science regard the relationship of management-employee as an essential one, employees are one of the key stakeholders for any business and evidence is growing of the importance of employees attached to the companies demonstrating their CSR records through progressive employment practice as well as through their behavior as good corporate citizens to know about the working conditions and sustainability job hunters make use of the annual report. Companies promoting the social responsibility provide such information through CSR disclosure. Crowther says that employees are search to work for companies that reflect and embody their values and who are as concerned about principles as they are with profits. In search of job security, CSR disclosure is helpful to employees. suppliers For suppliers, CSR such as fair trade practices hold the potential that the buying company grants preferential purchasing conditions, frequently to stabilize the exchange relation and gain legitimacy as well as customers (RARE research project). Thus it can be deduce that suppliers also use CSR to some extent to establish good commercial relationship. Customers Through CSR activities like reporting companies provide more (non-financial) information to customers who can then take better informed decisions on purchasing or rejecting the companys product (voice; cf. Rrubik et al. 2000) A fresh event marked by The oil spill in the gulf provoked a total chaos leading to BP customers rejecting BPs products worldwide. Local Community According to Glautier and Underdown (1994), local communities are very dependent on local industries, not only because they provide employment, but also because they directly affect the entire socio-economic structure of the environment. Industrial activities have always both positive and negative impact on the community at large. CSR disclosure is useful to the community in the sense that they may identify the companies with the good companies-public relationship. As such, the local community has an interest in the activities of the local industries, and requires much more information on social benefits and cost than the public relations-type information. government The government use CSR disclosure as a tool to set norms and assess a companys environmental concern. CSR may constitute a framework for cooperative governance where the traditional means of the state fail: public private (or trilateral) cooperations might make accessible information, innovation, and legitimacy potentials that allow the tackling of sustainability problems more effectively. Wolff (2004). 4.0 Why do companies indulge in CSR activities? It can be seen, especially after big international crisis, which businesses need to reflect on how to improve the image of their company. Milton Friedman argued it is the head of firms, that is, executives that have the responsibility towards society and other stakeholders. Friedman says that if actions that have been done result in a decrease in the return of shareholders, an increase in the price for consumers or result in a decrease in the wages of employees, customers and shareholders are spending money for the corporate social responsibility issues. Like said by smith in The Wealth of the nations (1776), It is not from the benevolence of the baker, the brewer and the butcher , that we get our meal, but from their regard to their own best interest is in line with what Friedman says in his book , Capitalism and Freedom where he refer to social responsibility in firms as a fundamentally subversive doctrine in society nowadays where businesses main aim is to make maximum profits by using recourses effectively. Therefore as said by Friedman, a businesss duty is to make as much profits as it is legally possible. In his paper, the author titled Morality in the Marketplace, Robert Almeder questions whether corporate behavior should be restricted by moral or illegal considerations. In the paper, the author takes the example of general motors and firestone that knowingly made the promotion of a defective product even though they knew that it would reduce their market share. He also talk about the lack of morality of advertising companies that promote the consumption of cigarettes knowing that this is prone to attract more smokers and therefore will increase the number of people who might get lung cancer and many other disease. According to him, to make businesses act more responsibly , authorities should come up with a laws such that corporate managers should effectively put CSR in practice , at their own expense rather than censured and fines a sum from corporate profits. (Almeder, R et al (1983) (eds) Business Ethics: Corporate values and society) The form of corporate social responsibility most commonly found in businesses are them taking care of the environment around them. Environmental issues are an inescapable part of planning business strategies for the foreseeable future and boards of directors who ignore this, do so at their own peril. 5.0 Is it relevant and worthwhile for companies to report on CSR issues? It is important for a business to communicate properly its financial position and equally its plans and actions concerning the social responsibility so as to maintain the good relationship of existing stakeholders and attract potential investors. According to Roger Adams, ACCAs executive director, it is becoming more and more pressing and urgent for companies to indulge in CSR if they want to enhance their corporate reputation, thus supporting the above statement. He also said that global investors increasingly regard good environmental management as an integral element of overall governance and accountability. Moreover in an analysis on Post-Eron: Post-Andersen, Roger Adams proceeds to say that Pressure is mounting foe companies to widen the scope of corporate public accountability and many are responding by including social data in their reports, preferably through a well managed process of stakeholder dialogue. (Accounting Business, July/August 2002) Based on Roger Adams statements, it is clear that globally CSR has rooted its importance in the world of business and helps in corporate sustainability and success showing its relevance and worthiness. Lack of ethical standards and social responsibility has lead to corporate collapse in various parts of the world recently leaving scar on the global economy. Howard Davies put forward that event in the US for the past years demonstrate that a breakdown in of ethical standards within a firm can carry high reputational and financial penalties. (Accounting Business, February 2003) Stakeholders are required to portray a good governance of an organisation, its transparency and proper accountability to access organizations worthiness. In Rachel Jacksons (ACCAs head of social and environmental issues) words: the increased influence of non governmental organisations NGOs) and the demand by the stakeholders for greater transparency, organizational accountability and good governance were key drivers for CSR. Accounting Business, June 2004). Moreover she adds that some potential advantages that can be derived by business practicing transparency and accountability can be: enhancement of business reputation, improvement of investor relations and access to capital, increase in competitiveness and market positioning. Other factors that push companies to be socially responsible are: Economic rationality considerations, To comply with borrowing requirements, To benefit from lower resource use and operation cost, And to improve competitive advantage and global exposure. 6.0 Empirical evidence of CSR. 6.1 The usefulness and relevance of CSR disclosure. Empirical studies effected by Belkaoui (1980) and Milne (1999), and Hendricks (1976) proved that CSR disclosure is useful and relevant. However results obtained were in favor of both positive and negative impact on investment decision. Hai Yap Teah and Godwin Y Shiu also carried out an empirical study which revealed that social responsibility disclosure in company annual reports may be more helpful in decision making if the data is presented numerically that focus on product improvement and fair business practices. Hence, we can deduce that for CSR disclosure to be deemed relevant and useful, it should speak the language of figures. Formbrun and Shanky put forward some empirical evidence which suggest that the greater a companys contribution to social welfare is; the better the goodwill becomes. Hereby they may benefit from premium prices, enhance their access to capital market and attract investors. Hence it supports the school of thought advanced earlier by other research work extending the impact of CSR on investment decision. According to Mc Gaire et al (1988) a firm that is perceived to be acting responsibly will face less labor unrest and will gain kudos in the eyes if its potential customers, increasing its sales base. Nevertheless, the other side of the coin refers to the fact that it s not necessary that CSR disclosure directly improves the profitability for mixed results obtained. 6.2 CSR Framework as developed by ERNSTERNST (1978) Six areas have been found by Ernst and Ernst (1978), in which corporate social objectives may be set. They are: Environment Fair business practices Human recourses Community involvement Energy Products 6.3 Code of Corporate Governance However in section 7 of The Code of Corporate Governance for Mauritius , that is , the Integrated Sustainability Reporting identifies four areas which should be subject to disclosure . They are: Ethics Environment Health and Safety Social issues These information are considered important by The Code as it is considered as informative and will help stakeholders build a culture of social and environmental responsibility. (Code of Corporate Governance section 7) 6.3.1 Ethics Ethics means being responsible , diligent and integer. A business disclosing ethical principles will make people trust in it as they will know that the company has a good code of conduct. It will be assumed that this company is aware and concerned about its duties towards society and stakeholders. 6.3.2 Environment Firms should do their utmost best to reduce the negative effects of industrial production and adopt more effective and efficient methods to make least use of exhaustive recourses. The company should disclose any project that they do which have for effect to help in preserving the environment. 6.3.3 Health and Safety Health and Safety practices and policies should be developed and implemented in the business. Also, safety and health risk identification has to be undertaken. This will lead to betterment in risk management strategies. 6.3.4 Social issues Social issues include community involvement, human recourse and fair business practices. The Code requires that businesses adopt fair policies in promotion and recruitment of employees.

Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

Thesis: In The Lord of the Flies, William Golding suggests the decline of order leads to anarchy and chaos. Blue Print: The decline of order reveals the animalistic instincts of savagery, their lack of conscience, and the inability to entertain rational thought, causing an uprising of destruction. Common Denominator: Ways in which the decline of order results in anarchy and chaos. Topic Sentences: 1. Without the former structure of their daily lives the boys are unable to entertain rational thought. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The boy’s have to now rationalize their thoughts pertaining to enjoying themselves on the island without getting out of line. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We’ve go to have rules and obey them. After all, we’re not savages.†(32) A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning the boy’s believe that if they have rules and follow them that they will be okay and get rescued. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The boy’s are not in a civilized area with adults to tell them what’s good, bad, right, or wrong, so they have to become adults in a short period of time when they are still very much children. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"There’s another thing we can help them to find us. If a ship comes near the island they might not notice us. We must make a fire.†(38) A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ralph had grownup some and he has to think rationally. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They ponder on how to make a fire. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"His specs-use them as burning glasses!†(40) A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only was Ralph’s idea of the fire a critical attempt to save everyone, it also helped to gain more respect and responsibility. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jack suggests the idea of using Piggy’s glasses to light the fire. C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the fire provides that the children are not able to govern themselves, the conch symbolizes the growing hope and potential that people have to advance. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At first the boy’s thought rationally before doing something wrong and felt guilty if they did, but later the savagery engulfs the boys and they feel no fear or guilt. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I hit him all right. The spear stuck in. I wounded him!†(125) A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ralph is now feeling the power that Jack feels when he hunts. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Right up her ass.†(135) A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Roger is now showing the evil that is in all of the boys, but has not been presented yet. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Roger is raping this pig even though she is already in agonizing pain he still does it. C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He feels no guilt but only pleasure. D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is showing his savagery. 2. Without an orderly system of discipline the boy’s lack of conscience starts to be more prominent. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The boys have no civilization or supervision to relate to so they realize what that they can get away with anything without punishment.

Impact of Supplementing the Diet with Extra Creatine :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Proffesor’s comment: I was very pleased by how thoroughly this student delved into the topic of creatine supplementation for this literature review. His initial draft was organized in a way that indicated he had control of the material and was able to put it together logically . He showed a strong sense of his audience’s needs by grouping the results of the research articles under clear topics. Introduction The human body uses creatine phosphate to produce ATP, the primary energy supply for working muscles. Creatine phosphate is formed through an enzymatic process from creatine, which is composed of the amino acids arginine, methionine, and glycine. Creatine is produced primarily in the liver, but may also be made in the pancreas and kidneys. Humans both metabolize and synthesize approximately two grams of creatine a day, therefore maintaining homeostasis. Creatine can also be consumed in certain foods. The richest sources are found in animal proteins such as red meat and fish. However, concentrations in these foods are relatively low: one pound of red meat contains about two grams of creatine. Researchers have found that supplementing the diet with extra creatine, beyond what the majority of people ingest from their everyday diets, can produce significant effects. Creatine supplementation can have potential benefits on body composition, athletic performance, and disease conditions. However, an optimal protocol for supplementing creatine has not yet been discovered. Creatine supplementation has sound possible short and long term side effects. A greater overall understanding of creatine supplementation will aid individuals and physicians to make better informed decisions about whether or not to use creatine supplements. Benefits Creatine has dramatic effects on body composition. Subjects who supplemented with creatine increased total body mass and fat-free mass while fat mass remained constant (Kreider et al., 1998; Grindstaff et al., 1997; Volek et al., 1997). Three mechanisms are responsible for this change. First, consuming excess creatine results in greater intramuscular creatine stores (Casey et al., 1996). Water accompanies this excess creatine into muscle cells. Thus, more water can be stored within the muscle. Second, protein synthesis may be enhanced due to the increased muscle cell volume. This enhancement may lead to accumulation of protein within the muscle fiber. Finally, since creatine phosphate produces ATP, the amount of energy stored within the muscle is increased (Casey et al., 1996). This increase may lead to an enhanced capacity for workouts that use ATP as the primary energy source, such as short duration, intense muscle contractions as in weight lifting.

The Millers Prologue and Tale :: The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer

The Miller's Prologue and Tale is a humorous story about a love triangle of three men and one woman. The tale has many intriguing parts but the most important theme is that of loyalty. In the beginning of the tale, the carpenter, John, talks about his wife, how she is so much younger then him and how he is a very jealous man: "This carpenter hadde wedded a newe a wif / Which that he loved more than his lif. / Of eighteteen yeer she was of age; / Jalous he was wilde and yong, and he was old / And deemed himself been lik a cokewold" (113). He is talking about his new wife, and that although he loves her dearly, he is very jealous because he is so old and she is so young. It is very strange that a beautiful young woman would marry a man so much older then him. The carpenter even states that: "Men shold wedden after hir estat" (121) which means that men should marry according to their condition. So I think that the carpenter is a wealthy man, and because of this, he feels he should marry a beautiful woman. Going with that, I believe that the young woman, Alison, married this old man, for his money, and not based of true love. So if this marriage wasn't based on true love, it leaves room for disloyalty to come about. The disloyalty starts when Alison and Nicholas, the boarder, start flirting and he wants to kiss her. She says no, that she will do it when they are alone in private: "Myn housbonde is so ful of jalousye / That but ye waite wel and been privee / I woot right wel I nam but deed" (186). Alison states that he husband, as said before is madly jealous, so they intend to wait and find a place to be in private so they can be together without having to worry about being caught. After thinking, they came up with an idea: "That Nicholas shal shapen hem a wile / This sely jalous housbonde to bigile / and if so be this game wente aright, / She sholden sleepen in his arm al night" (295). They decide that they are going to have a plan, and if everything goes ok, by the end, they will be sleeping in each others arms all night.

Digital Fortress Chapter 17

David Becker stepped out onto the scorching tile concourse of Plaza de Espana. Before him, El Ayunta miento-the ancient city council building-rose from the trees on a three-acre bed of blue and white azulejo tiles. Its Arabic spires and carved facade gave the impression it had been intended more as a palace than a public office. Despite its history of military coups, fires, and public hangings, most tourists visited because the local brochures plugged it as the English military headquarters in the film Lawrence of Arabia. It had been far cheaper for Columbia Pictures to film in Spain than in Egypt, and the Moorish influence on Seville's architecture was enough to convince moviegoers they were looking at Cairo. Becker reset his Seiko for local time: 9:10 p.m.-still afternoon by local standards; a proper Spaniard never ate dinner before sunset, and the lazy Andalusian sun seldom surrendered the skies before ten. Even in the early-evening heat, Becker found himself walking across the park at a brisk clip. Strathmore's tone had sounded a lot more urgent this time than it had that morning. His new orders left no room for misinterpretation: Find the Canadian, get the ring. Do whatever is necessary, just get that ring. Becker wondered what could possibly be so important about a ring with lettering all over it. Strathmore hadn't offered, and Becker hadn't asked. NSA, he thought. Never Say Anything. On the other side of Avenida Isabela Catolica, the clinic was clearly visible-the universal symbol of a red cross in a white circle painted on the roof. The Guardia officer had dropped the Canadian off hours ago. Broken wrist, bumped head-no doubt the patient had been treated and discharged by now. Becker just hoped the clinic had discharge information-a local hotel or phone number where the man could be reached. With a little luck, Becker figured he could find the Canadian, get the ring, and be on his way home without any more complications. Strathmore had told Becker, â€Å"Use the ten thousand cash to buy the ring if you have to. I'll reimburse you.† â€Å"That's not necessary,† Becker had replied. He'd intended to return the money anyway. He hadn't gone to Spain for money, he'd gone for Susan. Commander Trevor Strathmore was Susan's mentor and guardian. Susan owed him a lot; a one-day errand was the least Becker could do. Unfortunately, things this morning hadn't gone quite as Becker had planned. He'd hoped to call Susan from the plane and explain everything. He considered having the pilot radio Strathmore so he could pass along a message but was hesitant to involve the deputy director in his romantic problems. Three times Becker had tried to call Susan himself-first from a defunct cellular on board the jet, next from a pay phone at the airport, then again from the morgue. Susan was not in. David wondered where she could be. He'd gotten her answering machine but had not left a message; what he wanted to say was not a message for an answering machine. As he approached the road, he spotted a phone booth near the park entrance. He jogged over, snatched up the receiver, and used his phone card to place the call. There was a long pause as the number connected. Finally it began to ring. Come on. Be there. After five rings the call connected. â€Å"Hi. This is Susan Fletcher. Sorry I'm not in right now, but if you leave your name†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Becker listened to the message. Where is she? By now Susan would be panicked. He wondered if maybe she'd gone to Stone Manor without him. There was a beep. â€Å"Hi. It's David.† He paused, unsure what to say. One of the things he hated about answering machines was that if you stopped to think, they cut you off. â€Å"Sorry I didn't call,† he blurted just in time. He wondered if he should tell her what was going on. He thought better of it. â€Å"Call Commander Strathmore. He'll explain everything.† Becker's heart was pounding. This is absurd, he thought. â€Å"I love you,† he added quickly and hung up. Becker waited for some traffic to pass on Avenida Borbolla. He thought about how Susan undoubtedly would have assumed the worst; it was unlike him not to call when he'd promised to. Becker stepped out onto the four-lane boulevard. â€Å"In and out,† he whispered to himself. â€Å"In and out.† He was too preoccupied to see the man in wire-rim glasses watching from across the street.

Investigatory project

Required materials All purpose flour Water Jar with a Lid Spoon Brush Newspaper Estimated Experiment Time Less than 5 minutes to make the glue, about 15 minutes for it to dry (when applied) Step-By-Step Procedure 1. Mix one cup of flour with one-half a cup of water together in the Jar. Use the spoon to make sure the mixture is stirred well. This will become your glue. 2. Use your glue mixture to glue the newspaper into various shapes. Do this by brushing the glue onto the newspaper and attaching the edges to the glued area. 3. Let the glued newspapers sit for about 1 5 to 30 minutes. What happens? NoteThe glue won't be as strong as traditionally glue, but you'll find It very effective when gluing paper. Best of all. The glue Is completely environmentally friendly! Store your left-over glue in your air-tight Jar in your refrigerator. Observation After your newspaper has dried, what happens when you lightly tug on the section that you glued? Does it come apart easily, or does it stick? Compare the strength of your homemade glue against store-bought glue. To do this, create a secondary shape with a new piece of newspaper. Instead of using your home-made glue, use some Elm's glue (or equivalent). Let the glue dry.Compare and contrast the strength of the two glued newspapers. Is one stronger than the other? If so, which one? Result A chemical reaction occurs (evaporation of water) as the â€Å"glue† begins to dry, making it hard. This is the same process occurs when you leave the lid of a bottle of Elm's Glue open for too long. Eventually the exposure to the atmosphere will cause the water to evaporate and make the glue harden. Sponsored Links Take a moment to vault our table of Periodic Elements page where you can get an Len- depth view of all the elements, complete with the Industry first side-by-side element comparisons! Investigatory project Proper management disposal, this is the problem that we encountered nowadays, people with no discipline or no concern to our environment Just throw their garbage anywhere. Term papers for college students, memos for company, employees, sketch pads for visual artist, love letters for lovers – all of these documents would never come to life without the papers we write on. It may come in various sizes, colors, shapes and recently, some may have scents, the question is, do humans know what is the writing tool made of?Ruining the environment is Just ruining your life because all living things in this world are dependent on the supply given by the environment, we have foods, clothes, and shelter because of the environment but through the problem on the proper management disposal, our environment affects, so the supply given by the environment will be lessen and as a result, there will be scarcity in our primary needs which are the foods, clothes, and shelter and there is a possibili ty that lots of people will die because of hunger or some of them will get insane.Through informing those people who have no concern to our environment that our life is connected to it and all things we have was coming from the environment like our primary needs that avoid us from danger, so through informing may be we can persuade the people to be involved in lessening the problem on the proper management disposal.The study is sorely concerned to our environment, It discusses about the three simple ways in lessening the problem on the proper management disposal by means of the three words: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle; reducing the problem, use and recycle such waste materials like papers, so through this ways, we can save and protect our environment.The study also discusses about chemicals found in the papers and turning trash Into cheap source of energy like the product of this study which Is Recycled Paper Charcoal Fuel. Nevertheless of our Imperfection, we can still hurt our environm ent by our dally activities Like burning our garbage even we didn't mean it but we have to save and protect our environment through lessening the problem on the proper management disposal because our life Is connected to It. Investigatory project One of the major observations of the researcher to the students of San Vaccine National High School is that most of the students has a dental problem, dry skin and ray hair, which is an obvious effect of lack of nutrients In the food that they eat. The researcher came out to the idea to make a nutritious food that will help the student to get mineral and vitamins through the food that they eat. Fruits and vegetables are one of the healthy foods found on earth.This type of category includes all frozen, canned fruit/vegetables and French food. Fruits and vegetables are the good source of minerals, vitamins and fibers. It is suggested to have around five portions of fruit and vegetables daily. Pastilles or Milk Candy was one of the favorite native delicacies here in the Philippines, usually served for dessert. It is easy to prepare because it can be made with Just milk and sugar. To make the pastilles more nutritious the researcher added assault leaves because of its vitamins and minera ls content.Lydia Marred ,a Filipino scientist once said : † Assault leaves are rich in beta carotene for good eyesight, iron for healthy red blood cells, calcium for strong bones and teeth, vitamin C for smooth, clean skin, strong Immune cells, and fast wound-healing and Valetta E for younger looking skin The researcher also alms to sell pastilles De assault as one of the Income Generating Project of the Science Department to provide support to the deserving.This research aimed to produce nutritious Pastilles from Assault ( Chorus Littorals) Specifically, it aimed to answer the flirtatiousness's: 1 .What are the health benefits of Assault Pastilles that makes it nutritious? 2. Can the slimy taste of dried leaves assault be lessened? 3. What is the level of acceptability of the product to the consumer by considering the following variables:he dried leaves of Assault has no health benefits. 2. The slimy taste of dried leaves assault will not be lessened. 3. Assault Pastilles wil l not be acceptable to the consumer in terms of its taste, odor, and texture The students will be aware that choosing the right food affect their whole being. . The students and teachers even the community will be aware of the health benefits of assault such as: Assault being rich in vitamins and minerals generally promotes good health and well-being. Assault being rich in vitamin A can provide health benefits for good eyesight. Assault contains vitamin E and other antioxidants. It is said to prevent wrinkles ND promote youthful looking skin. Assault is used to treat inflammation and pain such as arthritis, headache, stomach ache and others. Assault being rich in fiber helps to control blood pressure, cholesterol build-up, diabetes and prevents heart disease.Assault leaves are rich in fiber and its slimy consistency when cooked is used to treat various digestive problems such as diarrhea, stomach ache, dysentery, constipation and ulcers. It is also claimed that together with other h erbs it can cure cancer. 3. The students will give importance to the fruits and vegetable those are Just around their backyard r community. 4. The students and teachers will be interested in experimenting different varieties of nutritious food. 5. The consumer of assault pastilles will benefit from the vitamins and minerals it contains. 6.The community will give importance to the assault and try to plant this in their yard especially it can grow at any type of soil assault pastilles. 8. The study will be beneficial to the small entrepreneur to make improvement of the recipe. Investigatory project Required materials All purpose flour Water Jar with a Lid Spoon Brush Newspaper Estimated Experiment Time Less than 5 minutes to make the glue, about 15 minutes for it to dry (when applied) Step-By-Step Procedure 1. Mix one cup of flour with one-half a cup of water together in the Jar. Use the spoon to make sure the mixture is stirred well. This will become your glue. 2. Use your glue mixture to glue the newspaper into various shapes. Do this by brushing the glue onto the newspaper and attaching the edges to the glued area. 3. Let the glued newspapers sit for about 1 5 to 30 minutes. What happens? NoteThe glue won't be as strong as traditionally glue, but you'll find It very effective when gluing paper. Best of all. The glue Is completely environmentally friendly! Store your left-over glue in your air-tight Jar in your refrigerator. Observation After your newspaper has dried, what happens when you lightly tug on the section that you glued? Does it come apart easily, or does it stick? Compare the strength of your homemade glue against store-bought glue. To do this, create a secondary shape with a new piece of newspaper. Instead of using your home-made glue, use some Elm's glue (or equivalent). Let the glue dry.Compare and contrast the strength of the two glued newspapers. Is one stronger than the other? If so, which one? Result A chemical reaction occurs (evaporation of water) as the â€Å"glue† begins to dry, making it hard. This is the same process occurs when you leave the lid of a bottle of Elm's Glue open for too long. Eventually the exposure to the atmosphere will cause the water to evaporate and make the glue harden. Sponsored Links Take a moment to vault our table of Periodic Elements page where you can get an Len- depth view of all the elements, complete with the Industry first side-by-side element comparisons! Investigatory project One of the major observations of the researcher to the students of San Vaccine National High School is that most of the students has a dental problem, dry skin and ray hair, which is an obvious effect of lack of nutrients In the food that they eat. The researcher came out to the idea to make a nutritious food that will help the student to get mineral and vitamins through the food that they eat. Fruits and vegetables are one of the healthy foods found on earth.This type of category includes all frozen, canned fruit/vegetables and French food. Fruits and vegetables are the good source of minerals, vitamins and fibers. It is suggested to have around five portions of fruit and vegetables daily. Pastilles or Milk Candy was one of the favorite native delicacies here in the Philippines, usually served for dessert. It is easy to prepare because it can be made with Just milk and sugar. To make the pastilles more nutritious the researcher added assault leaves because of its vitamins and minera ls content.Lydia Marred ,a Filipino scientist once said : † Assault leaves are rich in beta carotene for good eyesight, iron for healthy red blood cells, calcium for strong bones and teeth, vitamin C for smooth, clean skin, strong Immune cells, and fast wound-healing and Valetta E for younger looking skin The researcher also alms to sell pastilles De assault as one of the Income Generating Project of the Science Department to provide support to the deserving.This research aimed to produce nutritious Pastilles from Assault ( Chorus Littorals) Specifically, it aimed to answer the flirtatiousness's: 1 .What are the health benefits of Assault Pastilles that makes it nutritious? 2. Can the slimy taste of dried leaves assault be lessened? 3. What is the level of acceptability of the product to the consumer by considering the following variables:he dried leaves of Assault has no health benefits. 2. The slimy taste of dried leaves assault will not be lessened. 3. Assault Pastilles wil l not be acceptable to the consumer in terms of its taste, odor, and texture The students will be aware that choosing the right food affect their whole being. . The students and teachers even the community will be aware of the health benefits of assault such as: Assault being rich in vitamins and minerals generally promotes good health and well-being. Assault being rich in vitamin A can provide health benefits for good eyesight. Assault contains vitamin E and other antioxidants. It is said to prevent wrinkles ND promote youthful looking skin. Assault is used to treat inflammation and pain such as arthritis, headache, stomach ache and others. Assault being rich in fiber helps to control blood pressure, cholesterol build-up, diabetes and prevents heart disease.Assault leaves are rich in fiber and its slimy consistency when cooked is used to treat various digestive problems such as diarrhea, stomach ache, dysentery, constipation and ulcers. It is also claimed that together with other h erbs it can cure cancer. 3. The students will give importance to the fruits and vegetable those are Just around their backyard r community. 4. The students and teachers will be interested in experimenting different varieties of nutritious food. 5. The consumer of assault pastilles will benefit from the vitamins and minerals it contains. 6.The community will give importance to the assault and try to plant this in their yard especially it can grow at any type of soil assault pastilles. 8. The study will be beneficial to the small entrepreneur to make improvement of the recipe. Investigatory project Proper management disposal, this is the problem that we encountered nowadays, people with no discipline or no concern to our environment Just throw their garbage anywhere. Term papers for college students, memos for company, employees, sketch pads for visual artist, love letters for lovers – all of these documents would never come to life without the papers we write on. It may come in various sizes, colors, shapes and recently, some may have scents, the question is, do humans know what is the writing tool made of?Ruining the environment is Just ruining your life because all living things in this world are dependent on the supply given by the environment, we have foods, clothes, and shelter because of the environment but through the problem on the proper management disposal, our environment affects, so the supply given by the environment will be lessen and as a result, there will be scarcity in our primary needs which are the foods, clothes, and shelter and there is a possibili ty that lots of people will die because of hunger or some of them will get insane.Through informing those people who have no concern to our environment that our life is connected to it and all things we have was coming from the environment like our primary needs that avoid us from danger, so through informing may be we can persuade the people to be involved in lessening the problem on the proper management disposal.The study is sorely concerned to our environment, It discusses about the three simple ways in lessening the problem on the proper management disposal by means of the three words: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle; reducing the problem, use and recycle such waste materials like papers, so through this ways, we can save and protect our environment.The study also discusses about chemicals found in the papers and turning trash Into cheap source of energy like the product of this study which Is Recycled Paper Charcoal Fuel. Nevertheless of our Imperfection, we can still hurt our environm ent by our dally activities Like burning our garbage even we didn't mean it but we have to save and protect our environment through lessening the problem on the proper management disposal because our life Is connected to It. Investigatory project One of the major observations of the researcher to the students of San Vaccine National High School is that most of the students has a dental problem, dry skin and ray hair, which is an obvious effect of lack of nutrients In the food that they eat. The researcher came out to the idea to make a nutritious food that will help the student to get mineral and vitamins through the food that they eat. Fruits and vegetables are one of the healthy foods found on earth.This type of category includes all frozen, canned fruit/vegetables and French food. Fruits and vegetables are the good source of minerals, vitamins and fibers. It is suggested to have around five portions of fruit and vegetables daily. Pastilles or Milk Candy was one of the favorite native delicacies here in the Philippines, usually served for dessert. It is easy to prepare because it can be made with Just milk and sugar. To make the pastilles more nutritious the researcher added assault leaves because of its vitamins and minera ls content.Lydia Marred ,a Filipino scientist once said : † Assault leaves are rich in beta carotene for good eyesight, iron for healthy red blood cells, calcium for strong bones and teeth, vitamin C for smooth, clean skin, strong Immune cells, and fast wound-healing and Valetta E for younger looking skin The researcher also alms to sell pastilles De assault as one of the Income Generating Project of the Science Department to provide support to the deserving.This research aimed to produce nutritious Pastilles from Assault ( Chorus Littorals) Specifically, it aimed to answer the flirtatiousness's: 1 .What are the health benefits of Assault Pastilles that makes it nutritious? 2. Can the slimy taste of dried leaves assault be lessened? 3. What is the level of acceptability of the product to the consumer by considering the following variables:he dried leaves of Assault has no health benefits. 2. The slimy taste of dried leaves assault will not be lessened. 3. Assault Pastilles wil l not be acceptable to the consumer in terms of its taste, odor, and texture The students will be aware that choosing the right food affect their whole being. . The students and teachers even the community will be aware of the health benefits of assault such as: Assault being rich in vitamins and minerals generally promotes good health and well-being. Assault being rich in vitamin A can provide health benefits for good eyesight. Assault contains vitamin E and other antioxidants. It is said to prevent wrinkles ND promote youthful looking skin. Assault is used to treat inflammation and pain such as arthritis, headache, stomach ache and others. Assault being rich in fiber helps to control blood pressure, cholesterol build-up, diabetes and prevents heart disease.Assault leaves are rich in fiber and its slimy consistency when cooked is used to treat various digestive problems such as diarrhea, stomach ache, dysentery, constipation and ulcers. It is also claimed that together with other h erbs it can cure cancer. 3. The students will give importance to the fruits and vegetable those are Just around their backyard r community. 4. The students and teachers will be interested in experimenting different varieties of nutritious food. 5. The consumer of assault pastilles will benefit from the vitamins and minerals it contains. 6.The community will give importance to the assault and try to plant this in their yard especially it can grow at any type of soil assault pastilles. 8. The study will be beneficial to the small entrepreneur to make improvement of the recipe. Investigatory project Proper management disposal, this is the problem that we encountered nowadays, people with no discipline or no concern to our environment Just throw their garbage anywhere. Term papers for college students, memos for company, employees, sketch pads for visual artist, love letters for lovers – all of these documents would never come to life without the papers we write on. It may come in various sizes, colors, shapes and recently, some may have scents, the question is, do humans know what is the writing tool made of?Ruining the environment is Just ruining your life because all living things in this world are dependent on the supply given by the environment, we have foods, clothes, and shelter because of the environment but through the problem on the proper management disposal, our environment affects, so the supply given by the environment will be lessen and as a result, there will be scarcity in our primary needs which are the foods, clothes, and shelter and there is a possibili ty that lots of people will die because of hunger or some of them will get insane.Through informing those people who have no concern to our environment that our life is connected to it and all things we have was coming from the environment like our primary needs that avoid us from danger, so through informing may be we can persuade the people to be involved in lessening the problem on the proper management disposal.The study is sorely concerned to our environment, It discusses about the three simple ways in lessening the problem on the proper management disposal by means of the three words: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle; reducing the problem, use and recycle such waste materials like papers, so through this ways, we can save and protect our environment.The study also discusses about chemicals found in the papers and turning trash Into cheap source of energy like the product of this study which Is Recycled Paper Charcoal Fuel. Nevertheless of our Imperfection, we can still hurt our environm ent by our dally activities Like burning our garbage even we didn't mean it but we have to save and protect our environment through lessening the problem on the proper management disposal because our life Is connected to It.

What can you learn about teenage fashion from source one?

A woman who grew up in the 1950s writes source 1. She is talking in the 1980s therefore it is a secondary source. It tells us about teenage fashion in the 1950s, and the lengths that the teenagers went to, to keep up with the new fashions. Being something that played a huge role in a teenager's life. Although it is only one persons opinion about what happened in the 1950s. It tells us of the female fashion in the 1950s. The girls in the 1950s went to such lengths to buy a sewing machine. ‘When I first started work I bought a sewing machine'. Also the girls purchased new material every week to make new clothes ‘every week I'd buy material to make a dress for the weekend'. We can infer from this that the girls were desperate to stay up to date with the fashions of the time. The fashions were full skirts, and lots of petticoats. The amount of time that they spent on fashion was tremendous. If they made a dress every week, that is a lot of time to spend on fashion. The source stresses the importance of fashion in the minds of young women (teenage girls). It was so important to them that they had to make their own clothes. The idea that they made their clothes themselves lets us infer that the shops did not yet make the clothes that they wanted. It says that the ‘dress-makers were always busy'. But although this source tells us a lot about the fashions for women it neglects the male fashion. What the teenage boys were wearing is not explained in this source. Also the opinion of only one woman is expressed. From this source we cannot be sure that the woman speaking was the only person wearing those specific clothes. This source shows the opinion of one woman in the 1950s. But we have to speculate upon the fact that it may not be a routine followed by all the other teenage girls in England in the 1950s. IN WHAT WAYS DO SOURCES TWO AND THREE AGREE ABOUT LIFE IN THE 1950s The two sources are statistical; they do not say were they are taken from. Source 2 is about the average weekly wages during 1950 and 1960. Source 3 shows an increase in consumer spending in certain areas from 1948 to 1960. They both support each other in some way or another. Source 2 shows an average increase in the average amount of weekly wages from 1950 to 1960. Source 3 shows an increase in consumer spending. To be exact it shows an increase of about 6 times. Therefore as wages went up, they had more disposable income and there was more demand for goods that were previously unavailable to the general public. As wages went up so did the standard of living in the 1950s. We can infer from this that the standard of living increased in the 1950s. There are some limitations to the statistical sources, because as with most statistics they are not exact, they are averages, they are generalised and vague, it was unlikely they could have asked everyone (only a small percent of the British population) and they could have asked people in one particular area which might be different to another area. Both the sources show a major increase in money and spending. As before the war, the 1940s, the average person did not have much of a disposable income compared to the average person in the 1950s. In the 1950s more money was around so people could afford new things that they were previously unable to buy. Also consumer goods were getting cheaper because of mass production and the assembly line. Therefore in the 40s the children could not be teenagers because the teenagers need the money and the goods were expensive and in the 1940s there was not a lot of money around in Britain. In the 1950s there was more money around, so the general public could spend more money on luxuries. Rather than going without. SOURCES ONE, TWO AND THREE ARE ABOUTLIFE IN THE 1950S. HOW USEFUL ARE THEY ABOUT LIFE THEN? Source 1 tells us about the importance of fashion to female teenagers. Source 2 tells us about the average weekly wages in the country during 1950 to 1960. Source 3 tells us about the consumer spending on non-essential items. Although these sources have their strong points they also have their limitations. Source 1 tells us that fashion was very important to the female teenagers. Judging by the amount of time, effort and money that the woman in source 1 put in, fashion must have played a very big part in her life. She says that she spent her first wage on a ‘sewing machine'. She also brought new material every week, ‘every week I'd buy new material' she said. Also we can infer from this that if she bought the material and the sewing machine, the shops did not yet sell or even make for that matter make the clothes that the teenage girls wanted. Source 2 tells us that from 1950 to 1960 the average weekly wages rose from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7.28 in 1950 to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½14.10 in 1960. This tells us that the average person had more money to spend on non-essential items, more disposable income. We can infer from source 2 that people spent their money on recreational goods, and in source 3 this is confirmed. People spent more money on private transport in 1960 than in 1948. Radios, television sets, and electrical goods were spent more on during the same time period. These two sources, (sources 2 & 3), tell us only about the average person but not about the people who were not affected by the economic boom. They also do not give us a comparison with another time period. Source 1 is limited because it tells us a lot about the fashion for women; it neglects the male fashion (teenage boy's fashion). It is only the opinion of one woman expressed and from the source we cannot be sure that the woman speaking was the person wearing these specific clothes. The sources are not very useful about general life in the 50s, as they say nothing about the extremes of poverty or wealth. The information is not very specific, it's too broad. Also during the 50s judging from the sources no politics occurred. But obviously there is some sort of political news happening in Britain during the 50s. None of the three sources even speculate upon the fact of politics. In conclusion the three sources are not very good in telling us about life in the 1950s, as they do not talk about most things, such as politics. The sources are too narrow on what they say. They only talk about one thing that happened. By using the sources we learn that teenage girls made their own clothes, the averages wages in the country went up, and that spending on non-essential goods also went up. Surely there must have been more to the 1950s than this? Life is about loads of things e.g. crime, religion, unemployment, not just about money and fashion. There obviously was but the sources do not tell us this. DOES SOURCE FOUR SUPPORT THE EVIDENCE OF SOURCES 1 2 & 3? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. Source four is from the book, ENGLAND, HALF ENGLISH, written in 1961 by Colin Mcinnes. This source is therefore a secondary source. Sources 1 and 4 are slightly different as in source 1 it says, â€Å"dress-makers were always busy†. This shows that the dressmakers did not have time for teenagers and thought that they were a waste of time and that they were not important. But in source 4 it says that they were ‘studied with respect'. We can infer from this that the adults paid attention to the teenagers. The sources are probably contradicting themselves because of the time span, source one was about the 1950s and source four is about 1961. Source 4 says teenagers have lots of spare money, but source1 says she couldn't afford to buy new clothes and had to make her own. Source 2 supports source 4. This is because source two says that in 1960 the average weekly wages went up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½14.10. In source 4 it says teenagers ‘are left with more spending money than most of their elders'. This is because the teenagers do not have the same amount of responsibilities, or as the source puts it, ‘obligations' that the adults have. Adults have families to worry about, adults have to put food on the table, and adults have to pay the bills. Where as teenagers do not have these ‘obligations' to worry about. The source clearly says that they only have to pay ‘a pound or two' to their parents, and this is considerably less than their elders have to pay out of their wages. Source 3 is about what consumers spend their money on. It says that in 1960 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½600 million was spent on motorcars and cycles, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½463 million on radios, television sets, and electrical goods and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½352 million up from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½169 million in 1948 on recreation. Source four supports this by saying that the entertainment industry studies the teenagers ‘with respect'. This shows that the entertainment industry values the teenagers because they are their number one target audience. Teenagers spend more money on entertainment and if the entertainment industry studies them ‘with respect'; it shows that the entertainment industry knows that teenagers are powerful and wealthy. In conclusion source four is a very strong source as the three sources support it some way or another. Although source one differs from source four slightly they have the same couple of points. But the sources 2 & 3 back up what is said in source four. HOW VALUABLE ARE SOURCES 5 & 6 AS EVIDENCE ABOUT THE IMPACT OF YOUTH CULTURE? Source 5 is very valuable in shoeing the impact of youth culture. Although it talks only about clothes and fashion. Source 6 talks about ‘teddy children', and it is quite valuable. But it is rather brief. Source 5 is from a ‘history of post war Britain', Peter Lane writes it in 1971 and therefore it is a secondary source. This source mostly talks about fashion mostly. This source also talks about the new slang that was first employed by teenagers and the shops in which they purchased their clothes. ‘Fab' and ‘gear' were the particular words used. ‘In the 1940s, Dior†¦had catered for the very rich and the less well to do had imitated these fashions'. We can infer from this that the less rich, the general public, did not have any designers specifically aimed towards them. But when the teenage revolution occurred in the 1950s the designers created clothes that were ‘simple' and also, most importantly ‘relatively cheap'. We can infer from this that the designers had seen the new culture of young people referred to as a ‘classless society'. They were called a ‘classless society' because where the adults were separated by lots of disposable income and not much disposable income. The youths had now received roughly the same amount of money as each other. So if you saw one youth in the street you could not distinguish between one or the other. Whether they had come from a richer or poorer family. The youths in the 1950s went to London's Carnaby Street for clothes. Carnaby Street became their ‘Mecca'. We can infer from the use of the word ‘Mecca' that the youths would go to Carnaby street in the thousands, fairly regularly. They would pilgrimage to Carnaby Street. Before the 1950s the designers, as I have said before, would design for the very rich and the poorer would imitate these styles. Then after 1950 the designers would design for the young girls and the styles would be copied by the older. But the older women would complain that they couldn't find the ‘clothes they needed'. Source 6 is taken from the broadsheet newspaper, THE TIMES, on the 12th May 1956. It is therefore a primary source. This source is quite valuable to find out the impact of youth culture. Where source 5 spoke of clothes and slang it did not talk of the money that the youth had. Source 6 says that the youths, or ‘teddy children', were ‘highly solvent'. We can infer from this that the youths had plenty of ready cash for their disposable. In conclusion as good as these sources may be they have their limitations. Sources 5 & 6 both neglect the music business. This is bad because music plays a vital part in a teenager's life. They both talk mostly about fashion mostly. Judging from these two sources one might say that fashion was the only thing in a teenagers life. This is not true as music and other factors play a vital role in a teenagers' life. Source 5 is useful in telling us about the money and teenage culture. But what they both do not tell us about the effect on society that teenagers had. HOW CAN SOURCES 4 5 6 & 7 BE USED TO HELP EXPLAIN WHY ADULTS SOMETIMES FOUND TEENAGERS DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND? Source 4 is from a book ENGLAND, HALF ENGLISH by Colin Mcinnes, it is written in 1961. Source 5 is taken also from a book A HISTORY OF POST WAR BRITAIN by Peter Lane written in 1971, it is a secondary source. Source 6 is from an article in the times newspaper, on the date 12 may 1956. Source 7 is taken from another newspaper, a local newspaper, the Daily Dispatch, from the date 15 October 1954. The children in the 1950s were more privileged than their parents. In that the parents grew up during both the wars and in the 30s and the 40s where the children had no prospects, no job, and no money. During the war there was rationing and hardship. There was and still is a generation gap between the parents and their children. In the 50s the children, (teenagers), now had the money, the prospects, and the jobs. This was because of the economic boom. Whereas before in the 30s and the 40s the youths had no futures, now the youths had futures, money, and prospects. They had money to spend to spend on themselves. The parents had very different upbringings to that of their children. Also there were huge changes in the country that they were brought up in. Source 4 is taken from a book ‘England, Half English' by Colin Mcinnes. It is a secondary source. This source says ‘today, youth has money'. This implies that before the fifties, the children did not have money, or as much money as they have got in the 50s. The youth in the 50s had more money than their elders had. The teenagers have a new culture, which their parents do not understand because, they have never experienced it. Source 5 is taken from a book ‘A History of post war Britain', written by Peter Lane in 1971, this source is therefore a secondary source. It says that the fashions would start at the oldest and richest people and spread downwards to the rest of the general public. But in the 50s the fashion started at the teens and went upwards to the older generations of women. The older women complained that they found it ‘impossible to find the clothes that they needed'. We can infer from this that the middle-aged women did not understand the new fashions that were beginning to appear on Carnaby Street. Source 6 is taken from an article in THE TIMES it is in the edition that was published on 12 May 1956. This article is a primary source. This article expresses views that the children are now ‘highly solvent'. From this we can infer that the children have plenty of ready cash. This source shows that the children have a ‘strong sense of corporate identity'. This suggests that the businesses had respect for teenagers as most of their money came from them. ‘Simple†¦culture', this was when the article was talking about teenagers. It says ‘simple', that is ‘simple' to an adult. We can infer from this quote that adults found the youth culture ‘simple' and probably stupid as well. These adults might have had some fear about the youths because what people do not understand they fear. The adults did not understand the youths; they thought it was ‘simple'. Source seven is taken from a local newspaper, ‘the Daily Dispatch'; the article is taken out of the edition printed on 15 October 1954. This shows very clearly that adults found teenagers difficult to understand because there is a sense of bewilderment about it. ‘A crowd of idol worshippers' was the words that the reporter used to describe the concert. These words would not be used nowadays to describe a pop concert. We can infer from this that the reporter writing the article and many like him/her had ever experienced something like this before in their lives. They were brought up during the times of hardship, the war, and depression. At their times there was no such thing as ‘POP' music it was only in the 1950s where all this came in. it says the voice was one thing they ‘love and fear', this shows the amount of love that they had for this person, Laine the reporter says, ‘the adulation of this man bewilders me'. This shows again that this is a scene completely alien to him/her. We again can infer from this that the reporter and many others like him/her had never seen this type of concert before. In the adults times they went into a concert hall and listened to the music nice and quietly. Whereas in the 50s the audience went crazy at every word that the artist would sing or even for that matter say. If the artist told them to be quiet they would, the source says that the audience were silent at once Laine had told them to be. ‘Laine impressed upon his fans that they should remain silent during such a song'. This would again be something alien to the reporter. In their time they would listen to their parents like that, and these youths were obeying a complete stranger as a parent figure. Basically the adults were bewildered by what was going on. In conclusion adults found teenagers hard to understand because they were brought up completely differently. In the parents time there was no prospects, no jobs, and no money. But in the 50s there were prospects and jobs and most importantly money. There was a generation gap between the parents and their children. TEENAGE CULTURE EMERGED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN THE 1950s. HOW USEFUL ARE THESE SOURCES IN HELPING YOU TO UNDERSTAND WHY THIS HAPPENED? Youth culture emerged for the first time in the 1950s. It was then when people used the term ‘teenager'. Before this time no one knew what the term meant. Before in the 30s and 40s when the teenagers' parents were growing up there was no prospects, jobs or money. They were times of hardship, and rationing. They were times of hard work. The youth during the 40s did not do the kinds of things that teenagers do now or what teenagers did in 1950s. In the 30s/40s when a youth came to the age of 13 or 14 years old they stopped their education and started to find jobs, if they were boys with their fathers or if they were girls with their mothers at home. It was not a very happy time compared to nowadays. Whereas in the 1950s and now youths are a new age group, mutated from just youths or young adults to teenagers. The teenage culture in the 50s was about music, fashion, teddy boys, dancing, and money. The music industry had an effect on the emergence of teenagers because there was more variety of music for people to listen to. Different types of people (e.g. age groups-teenagers) were listening to different types of music. Teenagers could have a type of music that they could call their own. To increase the impact of music to help emerge teenagers was Radio. There were more radio stations, cheaper records (because of mass production) and more people had radios. Radio programmes were also aiming at teenage segments. Like music and Radio, TV had a similar affect. The technology had improved and there were a wide variety of programmes and channels that meant they could aim at different market segments, like youth (teenagers). This could help develop teenagers by giving them something they could feel was for themselves and others who were in the same boat. People were working fewer hours and had more free time along with more pay so that people could afford to buy luxury goods/entertainment (e.g. cinema), so that the teenager could have somewhere to go and be with others in their position and socialise. Source one is not the most helpful source that we are given as it is only one persons opinion of the 1950s. It talks about the fashion for a particular girl in the 1950s. We cannot be sure that the girl is the only person wearing this particular style. This source totally neglects talking about male fashion in the 50s. This source does not tell us anything about why teenage culture emerged in the 1950s. Source 2 is better at telling us why teenage culture emerged. It is a set of statistics telling us about the average weekly wages from 1950 to 1960. It helps us to understand why teenage culture emerged because it says wages increased in the 1950s. We can infer from this that as the wages increased so did the amount of disposable income that the teenagers had. Also this is reinforced by the main part of teenage culture being money. If there were more money in the country, there would obviously be more in the pockets of the young people that worked. Source 3 is also a statistical source. It is also good because it tells us again of the money situation in England in the 50s. This source tells us about consumer spending; it shows that in 1960 more money was spent on recreation, electrical goods and private transport. It says ‘1960 recreation à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½352 million' in contrast to ‘1948 recreation à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½169 million'. We can see from this that as consumer-spending rose so did the wages, which is true. We can also infer from this that teenagers were spending more on recreation facilities as they had more disposable income to spend on it. Source 4 is much more useful. It is taken from a book, England, half English, written by Colin Mcinnes in 1961. It talks directly about the youth. It says that the youth has money and that they have become a ‘power'. We can infer from this that the youth were beginning to be recognised as a group of people rather than just young people, or mini versions of their parents. We can also infer that teenagers had their own point of view things and didn't listen to their parents all the time. It supports source 3 because it says that the ‘youths are studied with respect' by the ‘entertainment industry'. We can infer from this that they are spending more on the entertainment and the industry tries to bring in things that the youths will want. It supports source 2 by saying that youths have money. Source 5 is again useful because it talks about fashion and the language that teenagers use. It is taken from a book called ‘A History of post war Britain', written in 1971. Fashion is a very important thing to a teenager in the 1950s and source 5 talks mostly about fashion mostly. New words like ‘fab' and ‘gear' were used for the first time in the 1950s. Before the 50s there probably was no teenage slang, or much slang for that matter. Nowadays there is ‘bad' & ‘wicked' etc. this source shows the amount of love that teenagers had for fashion. Source 6 is an ok source but not the best because it shows teenagers had a culture but not why it emerged. This source is taken from THE TIMES on 12 May 1956. ‘Highly solvent', again this is another source saying that the youths had more money than ever before. ‘Tremendously vigorous culture', we can infer from this that the teenage culture was very vibrant and a new and fresh thing that the adults had trouble understanding. They had a ‘strong sense of corporate identity'; this shows that teenagers had businesses trying hard to make new products aimed specifically at teenagers. Source 7 is about music and how it affects teenagers in the 50s. It is not very useful in telling us about why teenage culture emerged. Although it does talk a lot about music, it says a ‘crowd of idol worshippers', we can infer from this that the audience was loving everything that the artist, Laine, did, his words, his movements etc. this source shows the amount of bewilderment that adults had for a scene like this. It says ‘the adulation of this man bewilders me'. The reporter is shocked and astounded by what he/she sees. This source tells us not about why teenage culture emerged. Source 8 tells us about the type of music that the teenagers listened to. But again not why teenage culture emerged. This source is taken from a book by CAR Hills, ‘growing up in great Britain in the 1950s', written in 1983. It is therefore a secondary source. This source tells us that there were a lot of pop singers. ‘Legions of young pop singers', we can infer from this that lots of people had decided to make some money out of these youths, who now have money to spend, upon non-essential goods. They had probably realised that music was important to the youths. In conclusion the reason that teenage culture emerged was because of the economic boom that happened in this country in 1950s. Because the youths had some money to spare they decided to spend it on recreational items and products that they wanted to purchase. If they had been under the obligations of their parents, who had to look after more than just themselves the teenage culture would probably not have emerged.